Family Planning

FAMILY PLANNING

Family planning is the planning of when to have children,[1] and the use of birth control[2][3] and other techniques to implement such plans. Other techniques commonly used include sexuality education,[3][4] prevention and management of sexually transmitted infections,[3] pre-conception counseling[3] and management, and infertility management.[2]

Family planning is sometimes used as a synonym for the use of birth control, though it often includes more. It is most usually applied to a female-male couple who wish to limit the number of children they have and/or to control the timing of pregnancy (also known as spacing children).

Family planning services are defined as "educational, comprehensive medical or social activities which enable individuals, including minors, to determine freely the number and spacing of their children and to select the means by which this may be achieved."[4]

What to Visit in Indonesia?

WHAT TO VISIT IN INDONESIA?

The Province of Nangro Aceh Darussalam
The capital of Nangro Aceh Darussalam is Banda Aceh.
In Banda Aceh, there are Syah Kuala University, Blang Bintang Airport, fertilizer factory of ASEAN in Lholseumawe, Lhonga cement factory, natural gas resource in Arun, Mount Leuser Wildlife Reserve to preserve protected species especially bear and tiger.
Tourist objects

The Province of North Sumatra
The capital of North Sumatra is Medan.
In Medan, there are University of North Sumatra, Polonia Airport, Belawan Seaport, Oil Refinery of Pangkalan Brandan, paper mill in Pematang Siantar, Sikundur Wildlife Reserve, South Langkat, West Langkat, international tourist object of Prapat, Lake Toba. The traditional house of Batak (Art house from North Sumatra). This event is documented in other place, for example Tanah Karo tourist destination, an IDR 25 money with one of its sides uses tongging. Natural painting created by the One God adds more variety of Indonesia, Lake Toba, a superior international tourist destination in Sumatra Island. With specialty of huge goldfish, various kinds of fruits, and cool air.

The Province of Riau
The capital of Riau is Pekan Baru.
In Pekan Baru, there are University of Riau, Simpang Tiga Airport, petroleum in Duri and Minas, tin mining in Bengkinang, Kurumutan Wildlife Reserve to preserve bear.

The Province of Jambi
The capital of Jambi is Jambi.
In Jambi, there are State University of Jambi, Sultan Toha Airport, and petroleum resource in Kenalisari, tin mining in Singkep and Bintan Island, Berbak Wildlife Reserve especially to preserve tiger. Rafflesia Arnoldi from Netherland first invented the flower, in accordance with its name, because it smells bad so it is called carcass flower. The huge Suwek, a bear, a superior animal of Bengkulu.

The Province of West Sumatra
The capital of West Sumatra is Padang.
In Padang, there are Andalas University, Tabing Airport, Teluk Bayur Seaport, Indarung cement factory, coal mining in Sawah Lunto.

The Province of Bengkulu
The capital of Bengkulu is Bengkulu.
In Bengkulu, there are University of Bengkulu, Padang Kemiling Airport, gold mining in Curup, Rafflesia nature preserve to preserve the rare plant of Rafflesia, the biggest flower in the world and also the huge Suwek.

The Province of South Sumatra
The capital of South Sumatra is Palembang.
In Palembang, there are Sriwijaya University, Sultan Badaruddin Airport, Sriwijaya Fertilizer (Pusri) and tire manufacture in Plaju and Sungai Garong, petroleum resource in Prabumulih and Pendopo. Coal is manufactured in Bukit Asam, while cement in Baturaja.

The Province of Lampung
The capital of Lampung is Bandar Lampung.
In Lampung, there are University of Lampung, Branti Airport, Bakauheni crossing port, Way Kambas Wildlife Reserve to preserve and to train elephants.

The Province of West Java
The capital of West Java is Bandung.
In Bandung, there are a state university that is Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Husein Sastranegara Airport, National Aircraft Industry (IPTN), gold mining of Cikotok, manganese mining in Karang Tunggal, earth heat resource in Kamayang and Bogas.

The Special Capital District of Jakarta
Jakarta is the capital of Indonesian Republic.
In Jakarta, there are University of Indonesia, Sukarno-Hatta Airport and Halim Perdana Kusuma Airport, Tanjung Priok Seaport, Legislative Assembly (DPR)/People Consultative Council (MPR), the president’s residence, car assembly plant, textile industry, National Park (TMII), Ancol, Ragunan Zoo.

The Province of Central Java
- In Semarang, there are Diponegoro University, Ahmad Yani Airport, Tanjung Emas Seaport.
- In Solo, there are Sebelas Maret University, Adi Sumarmo Airport, Kasunanan Palace and Pura Mangkunegara.
- In Purwokerto, there is Jendral Soedirman University.
- In Cilacap, there are iron sand mine, Nusantara cement factory, and Tanjung Laut Seaport.
- In Slawi, there are tea manufactures, paper mill in Blabak, Cigarette Factory of Kudus.
- Jepara, is a center of wood carving industry and furniture.
- In Magelang, there are an education centre of National Armed Forces and Borobudur Temple.
- Karang Bolong in Kebumen, is a swallow’s nest producer.
- The scenery around Telaga Dieng (Lake Dieng) and Sikidang Crater from various sides. A tourist object in Central Java, with various mushrooms as its mainstay.

Borobudur
a. Borobudur Temple, a 10 story building from Prehistoric Age with nuance of Buddha. Inside the temple, there are statues of God as a form of the died king. Borobudur is a wonder of the world in Indonesia.
1. Borobudur the wonder of the world
2. Borobudur as a form of acculturation
b. The relief of boat means: by boat with outriggers, Indonesian has been able to cruise over seas since the early age (825 A.D.).
c. Borobudur = Bhumi Sembhara = Bhumi Sembhara Budha.
The statue of Buddha. Stupa of Borobudur Temple


The Province of Yogyakarta

Yogya Kembali Monument building
A three-story building to maintain historical objects of the fight for defending the independence of Indonesia, diorama of the Dutch troops’ attacking to Maguwo. Located in Sariharjo, kecamatan Ngaglik, the regency of Sleman, Yogyakarta.

Prambanan Temple
Syiwa (Prambanan) Temple was established by Rakai Pikatan in the ninth century. The restoration was done by 1953. Brahma Temple (southernmost), Syiwa Temple (middle), Wisnu Temple (north)

Ramayana dance-drama is immortalized at Prambanan Temple on the full moon as a sacrifice to Rorojonggrang – Bandung Bondowoso. The Legend.
Relief on the wall of the temple describes Ramayana story.
Some of the relief merely functions as decoration.
Made by skilled men who mastered the highly valuable art and technique.

What is promotion?

WHAT IS PROMOTION?

1. The study of Promotion

Definition of Promotion
Promotion activity is conducted to increase the sale of product. Promotion represents one of important ways to conduct the emulation with the other company by not pursuanting to price.. Promotion is more stressed on informing what and how this product is (Yoeti, 1985: 50).

The word “promotion” gives various kinds of interpretation and language, the meaning of promotion is to inform, to persuade or to remind more specifically (Yoeti, 1985: 141). The promotion of tourism have a purpose of introducing and showing the tourist object with all its uniqueness and special characteristic, so it can improve the good sale of item or service (Winardi, 1972: 380). Promotion activity which has been done by Tanjung Tourist Countryside is held by cooperation with travel agents, promotion in various places, cooperation with Department of Tourism.

The important of promotion activity can be conducted with planning and executing promotion such as sales support. That is by releasing brochure, leaflets, booklets, folders, etc. The other activity is by public relations, through appropriate mass media to promote the existing promotion materials (Yoeti, 1985:53). In promotion activity, the excess of a product is shown, so that the consumer will be interested in this product.
According to Yoeti (1985: 141), to promote the product to the consumers, it uses a promotion appliance, including:
a. Advertising
Advertising or advertisement represents a right way to report a product result for consumer. The advantage of using this advertisement is that it can be known and be reached by many people through magazine, television, radio and cinema.
b. Sales Support
Sales support can be interpreted as an aid of the sale by giving all form of promotion material which is planned to give the public or travel trade which is showed as a medium. Sales support has two functions:
1) Sales support represents the communications channel between industrial tourist companies with service seller.
2) Sales support represents the effective assistive appliance for seller, like travel agent and other medium.
The types of sales support, for instance:
1) Brochure
Representing the publication printing, using by good paper, compiled draw lay-out, with all potency will be promoted.
2) Prospect
Representing the handout that sometimes is folded double and has more interesting design with all promoted potentials of the object.
3) Direct mail materials
Representing offering letter which is delivered to consumer candidate with brochure, prospect, folder, leaflet and other.
4) Folder
A promotion letter which can be folded, there are two and four folds. Every page contains the product offered to the market.
5) Leaflet
Leaflet is handout; it mentions many kinds of summarized information about promoted object.
6) Booklet
Form of booklet is like a guide-book. Its content is more complete than other promotion form.
7) Guide-book
Guide-book has broader characteristic than the kinds of other promotion appliance. Besides giving information about effort of tourism, it is also telling about tourist destination, using local language expression to make easy a communication.

c. Public Relation
Public relation is a division in a company or organization which has a purpose as a mouthpiece of company with the other partner who needs everything about company or organization. The duty of public relation is to make a link with other company or organization, to give information, to labor the existence of good impression with the society of company or organization (Yoeti, 1985: 147).

From the various kinds of promotion forms above, the writer takes a promotion from guide-book. This promotion is easy to spread to other place immediately, for example by propagating through travel agent or public area. One of the ways to promote the Tanjung Tourist Countryside that is by making of English guide-book. The making of English guide-book has a purpose to make it easier to get information about Tanjung Tourist Countryside, so it can improve the number the visitors.

2. The function of language in promotion activity
Language is very important in promotion activity. To give information for consumer, it needs a language. In the word of tourism, language should always be given a priority. Using English guide-book is so appropriate as a medium to introduce the object to tourist, in this case is to foreign tourist.

What is Tourism?

WHAT IS TOURISM?

1. The Study of Tourism

a. Definition of Tourism

Tourism is a recreation activity done in outdoor place that takes time more than 24 hours (Marpaung, 2000 : 14).

Tourism is a temporary departure process of somebody or more to go to another place outside their residence (Gamal, 1997 : 04).

b. Definition of Tourist

Tourist is somebody or group who make a tourism journey (Gamal, 1997 : 04).

According to WTO (World Tourism Organization), tourist is everybody who resides in a state without reference of their origin – come to a place at the same state for the duration of more than 24 hours.

2. The Study of Special Interest Tourism

a. Definition of Special Interest Tourism

Special interest tourism is a tourism journey (tour), where the tourist visit to a place because they have a motivation or enthusiasm about the various objects or activities which can be met or done in location or in the location of tourist object (Special interest tourism, 1992).

In the decade of 1990s (WTO’s report), desire to get something new and unique in tourist activity was found. The tourist entangled their self in activity of education or science, emphasis and appreciation of esthetics value, requirement of their self development or personal and also desire to live and to have interaction exhaustively with the society ( Puspar-UGM : 1997).

b. Definition of Special Interest Tourist

The definition of special interest tourist is a tourist who is actively involved in their tourism activity, that is in the environment of physical or environment of community or social, cultural, experience, it has opportunity to have interaction with the object and the society here.

Special interest tourism generated by a shifted orientation of tourism and the motivation of people to do tourism journey, many tourists want to exploit their vacation time as their active involvement.

New values seeking and new form of journey are showed by the friction of tourism orientation with the development of new products which are recognized as the active vacation and special interest tourism (Danang parikesit, Dr., Msc, 1997). The product of tourism packed in special interest tourism is marketed to penetrate the market of special interest tourism. The organizer of tourism product has facilitated interested person or person who is interested in special hobby or enthusiasm.

What is UPGK?

UPGK

UPGK (Usaha Peningkatan Gizi Keluarga) is a program of improvement on family nutrient in Indonesia which is held in POSYANDU (post of combined services)

The meaning of UPGK
UPGK is an effort of family to improve the nutrient for all family members.
UPGK is held by family together with society by guidance of the official: HEALTH, FAMILY PLANNING (KB), AGRICULTURE, RELIGION, SOCIAL, EDUCATION AND CULTURE, PUBLIC FIGURE, SOCIAL SELF-SUPPORTING ACTIVITY GROUP (LSM).

Objective
A. Family nutrient improvement

1. Every child under five’s body weight increases every year
2. The number of KEP sufferer decreases or not exist
3. The number of pregnant women with blood deficiency decreases
4. The number of cretinous baby decreases
5. The sufferer of vitamin A deficiency (KVA) decreases
6. Fertile woman (WUS) who lack of chronic energy (KEK) decreases

B. Behaviors which support nutrient improvement

• Pregnant woman regularly checks
• Pregnant woman eats more portion, minimum 4 plates
• TT Injection
• Fertile couple participates in KB (Family Planning)
• The use of iodized salt
• Exclusive mother’s milk for 6 months
• Giving oralit to the sufferer of diarrhea
• Giving vitamin A to child under five and mother in parturition
• Immunization towards baby, prospective bride-bridegroom, primary school student, and pregnant mother
• Weighing children regularly every month

C. Participation and even distribution in activities
The activities extend by, from, and for the public.

TARGET : WUS, pregnant woman, breast-feeding mother, baby, child under five, and advanced age
ACTIVITY : Nutrient service at posyandu
Illumination
Making use of yard

The implementer of UPGK is KADER (cadre)

• KADER of UPGK
• WORK SINCERELY AND VOLUNTARILY
• WILLING AND CAPABLE OF DOING ACTIVITIES
• ABLE TO ORGANIZE THE ACTIVITIES

POSYANDU

Posyandu (post of combined services) is a center of public activities where UPGK programs are held, includes the following 5 programs:

• KB
• KIA
• Nutrient
• Immunization
• Diarrhea

Target : pregnant mother, breast-feeding mother, baby, child under five, WUS, and advanced age

The implementation is using a system of 5 tables:
I. Registration
II. Weighing
III. Recording
IV. Service and Illumination
V. Service by interrelated official: consultation, treatment

Program of activity development at posyandu:

1. The dental health effort of rural society (UKGMD)
2. Supporting Group of KIA (KP-KIA), PP-ASI
3. Combined Service (Yandu) of advanced age
4. TOGA
5. PJB (Occasionally monitoring of mosquito larva)
6. Oralit Corner, ASI (mother’s milk) Corner
7. PHBS
8. Health funds
9. BKB, BKL, BKR
10. UPPKS
11. SAMIJAGA

YANDU OF ADVANCED AGE

1. DEFFINITION
Posyandu of Advanced Age: an activity place for the advanced age in maintaining health and improving welfare and making efficient use of advanced age.

2. STRUCTURE and DEVALOPMENT

Chairman
Secretary
Treasurer
Section: Health
Sport
Art
Spirituality
Pangrukti loyo (funeral)
Etc, adjusted with the local condition and capability

3. DIRECT TARGET

• Pre-senile age of 45 – 51
• Age of 60 – 64
• High-risk age of > 70 or 60 who has health problem

4. EQUIPMENT
a. REGISTER and other administration book
b. KMS and status card
c. Scales and body tall gauge
d. Tension gauge and stethoscope
e. Place

5. ACTIVITY
a. Registration
b. Body weight and tall measurement to determine the body mass index (IMT)
c. Sport
d. Illumination
e. Laboratory examination
f. And other activity adjusted with local condition

6. ANALYSIS OF MONITORING
1. Indicator of coverage : K/S
2. Indicator of participation : D/S
3. Indicator of nutrient progra : H/D
4. Indicator of fitness : D/S
5. Indicator of health : T/D or P/D

7. DATA OF MONITORING
1. The number of all advanced age : S
2. The number of advanced age with KMS : K
3. The number of advanced age who come to posyandu : D
4. The number of green IMT : H
5. The number of advanced age with normal tension : T
6. The number of advanced age who’s active in sport/gym : O
7. The number of advanced age with disease risk : P

9. ACTIVITY ORDER AT POSYANDU OF ADVANCED AGE

TABLE I Registration
Books: KMS, control card
TABLE II Weighing and body tall measurement
Tension measurement
TABLE III Recording (KMS and IMT)
TABLE IV Vitamin/medicine service
PMT service
Illumination
TABLE V Cross-sector
Laboratory service
Health consultation and examination service
Service of Medicine

SIRCULATION OF POSYANDU SERVICE

CHILD UNDER FIVE ADVANCED AGE

TABLE I REGISTRATION.................TABLE I REGISTRATION
Attendant list book and Control Card.............LILA Measurement


TABLE II WEIGHING.............TABLE II WEIGHING
Carrying out of weighing.............Measure body weight and tall


TABLE III RECORDING............. TABLE III RECORDING
Filling in the control card filling in the KMS and IMT determination........ Filling in the KMS
Body Weigh Interpretation (standard KMS) .........Filling in the immunization


TABLE IV SERVICE AND ILLUMINATION......... TABLE IV SERVICE AND ........................................................ILLUMINATION
Nutrition giving (Vit. A, Fe) and Vitamin service, PMT, Illumination
Alcon
PMT.........................................................Vitamin Service, Illumination

TABLE V
CROSS-SECTOR
Laboratory
Health Consultation and Examination
Service of Medicine

MOTHER LOVING MOVEMENT (GSI)

I. DEFFINITION
The movement of accelerating the decrease of death rate of bearing mother and pregnant mother which is held together with the government and society.

II. KSI
Kecamatan sayang ibu (Sub-district loves mother) is kecamatan which operates the GSI activity.

III. TARGET OF ACTIVITY: pregnant mother, bearing mother and children

IV. IMPLEMENTATION OF ACTIVITY
A. PREGNANT MOTHER CARE
Identification of pregnant mother by health staff
Pregnant mother with risk by kader (cadre)
Recording and data collecting
Monitoring

• Minimum 4 times examination at health service place
• Consumption of tablet to increase blood every day
• Advice to bear at health service place

B. BEARING MOTHER CARE
The existence of BACKGROUND

1. Late to recognize the danger
2. Late to arrive at referral facility
3. Late to accept help at referral facility

The need of preventive efforts
1. Funds collecting
Tabulin : a cut of arisan
Jimpitan
Saving money from rest of expense
2. Blood donor registration --- preparation of obstetrical emergency
3. Rural Ambulance: public/government vehicle to carry the bearing mother to the referral place of birth

C. AFTER BIRTH

• KB (family planning)
• Service of vitamin A for mother of parturition
• Giving Fe until 40 days after bearing

V. STRATEGY OF IMPLEMENTATION
1. Collecting data by approach toward cross-sector:

• Camat
• Social Division
• PKK

2. Mapping
3. The approach toward cadre and people (identification of pregnant mother, high risk, risti factor)
4. Giving the direct health facility in order to facilitate the program implementation.

A Research on Banana Skin

A RESEARCH ON BANANA SKIN

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Banana is a fruit crop in the form of herb which comes from South East Asia (including Indonesia). This plant then spread to Africa (Madagascar), South America and Central America.
As a country of banana producer, banana plant can be found easily in almost every place in Indonesia, because Indonesia is located on 6° North Latitude – 11° South Latitude and 95° East Longitude – 141° East Longitude that causes its tropical climate. Banana can grow well in Indonesia because of its proper climate and its fertile land condition.

The center of banana production is located in Java, particularly in western Java. The center of banana production is in Java because Java has some active volcanoes that indirectly influence the fertility of the land in Java Island. However, banana doesn’t only grow well in Java. The centers of banana production can also be found in Sumatra, Borneo, Ambon, and Celebes.

Banana is not only able to grow in Indonesia, but also even in subtropical countries. It is because banana has a peculiarity that is its trunk can keep water, but the result of banana which is planted in subtropical region is not promising.

So far Indonesia is an exporter of both fresh banana and dried banana to Japan, Hong Kong, China, Singapore, Saudi Arabia, Australia, Netherlands, America and France. The largest export happened in 1997 with China as the export destination.

In Indonesia, banana has been a favorite fruit because of its taste, and banana can be made into various kinds of food. The banana plant can be wholly used, from cob to leaf. For example: banana cob can be used to make snack, the leaf can be used to wrap food, and the flower can be made food.

B. Subject Matter
The subject matter in this activity is whether the raja banana skin can be used to make a drink through the process of fermentation?

C. Objective of the Research
The objective of this research is to know whether the raja banana skin can be used to make a drink through the process of fermentation.

D. Benefit of the Research
The desirable benefit of this research is as an addition of information to the students or the public that the raja banana skin can be used to make a drink through the process of fermentation. Hopefully, it can also give any suggestion for company to produce some drink from raja banana skin as alternative.

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

Based on the result of research that was conducted by fermentation of raja banana skin, it can be obtained a result in the form of a brown-colored drink. The taste of banana skin before and after fermentation has a difference. There is somewhat astringent to the taste before fermentation, while after fermentation it is a little bit sweet. It can occur because in the situation where there is enough oxygen (aerobe), saccharomyces (mushroom on yeast) will do a common respiration. Conversely, in the situation where there is a shortage of oxygen, it will do fermentation. The process of fermentation occurred on raja banana skin is alcoholic fermentation because of the alteration from glucose into alcohol (glycolysis). Process of glycolysis is helped by NAD (Nicotinamine Adenina Dinucleotida) enzyme that is enzyme which has function to alter glucose into alcohol and also to produce acid, i.e. piruvat acid.

The fermentation process of alcohol is that piruvat acid produced by process of glycolysis will be altered into acetate acid + CO2 , and then acetate acid is altered into alcohol. In the fermentation of alcohol, it is obtained ATP (Adenosine Tri Phosphate) in the form of energy and glucose.

In the process of fermentation of raja banana skin, the ATP can cause an explosion because the resulted ATP is stored too long time. While in the fermentation process of fermented cassava, ATP can cause an increase in temperature.
The resulted glucose from the fermentation of raja banana skin has some benefit for body such as source of energy that plays a role in the formation of cell structure, tissue, and organ, and also plays a role in metabolism.

According to the second research, it can be seen whether or not the level of fat, carbohydrate, sugar (glucose), and protein. The condition of the paper dried in the sun proves that raja banana skin has no level of fat.

If the giving of betadine in the research proves that raja banana skin has a level of carbohydrate, it is because blackish blue color means that it has a level of carbohydrate.

In the research of mixing fehling A and B, it proves that raja banana skin has no level of sugar because the resulted color is not brick red, but green.

Also in the research of mixing the beuret, it proves that raja banana skin has a low level of protein because there is no striking violet, but light violet.
From the second research, it can be conclude that banana skin has a level of carbohydrate and protein.

CHAPTER III
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
According to the result of research, it can be drawn conclusions as follows:
1. Raja banana skin can be used to make a drink that has an economic value through the process of fermentation.
2. Raja banana skin, if properly processed, can produce useful substances for the body.
3. Raja banana skin has a level of carbohydrate and also protein.

B. Suggestion
According to the conclusion, it can be proposed some suggestions as follows:
1. The next researcher should evaluate the result of research in the laboratory in order to obtain more accurate result.
2. The cultivation of raja banana should be increased more because raja banana has a high economic value so that it is able to yield income for the region and increase food production.
3. The making drink from raja banana skin and the same kind needs to be experimented from foods that contain glucose.
4. Advanced researches need to be held in order to omit astringent to the taste so that the typical taste of raja banana can be obtained.

Problems on Childbirth

PROBLEMS ON CHILDBIRTH

The problem in the period of parturition after bleeding and shock, which is a main danger of parturition is an infection. Microorganism from outside easily gets into portio or the mouth of womb. The area where placenta is released, like an ‘open wound,’ may be easily infected. The parturition treatment is helping and giving a motivation treatment before the phase of pregnancy, examining, distinguishing and equalizing the improvement from previous condition and teaching the mother about self-treatment and baby-treatment. The purpose of the observation is to know the physical, psychological, social, cultural, spiritual problems of the mother.

The type of this observation is a non-experimental with cross sectional approach. The subjects are women of parturition who bore normally and got a treatment in July to August 2005. The number of samples is 40 respondents. The instrument used is questionnaire with methods of observation and interview.

It results in some treatment problems based on childbirth: serious upset in the way of sleeping on multipart of 14 people (35%), change in the way of urinate on multipart of 11 people (27.5%), and multipart painful upset of 22 people (55%). The treatment problems based on education: the greatest upset in the way of sleeping of 10 people (25%) at high school level, the greatest upset of change in the way of urinate on multipart of 7 people (17.5%) at high school level, pain upset of 17 people (42.5%) at high school level. The treatment problems based on occupation: greatest upset in the way of sleeping of civil servants of 10 people (25%), highest rate of upset in the way of urinate of civil servants of 7 people (17.5%) and painful upset of housewife of 14 people (35%).
The conclusion shows that there are significant correlation between childbirth and treatment problems, between education and treatment problems, and no significant correlation between occupation and pain.

It is suggested for women of parturition to clearly understand the problems in the period of parturition so that they can accept and adapt to the problems.

Keywords: treatment problem, parturition

Research on DHF in Bantul, Indonesia

RESEARCH ON DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER IN NGESTIHARJO
AND CANDEN VILLAGE IN BANTUL REGENCY, YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA

METHOD OF RESEARCH

1. The type of the research is a qualitative research, and the data are collected by cross-sectional method.
2. The Research Variable consists of independent and dependent variable.
3. The Technique of Data Collection consists of 2 kinds: 1) Primary Data ? it is obtained by using questioner, by giving questioner to the subject of research. 2) Secondary Data ? it is obtained directly from Bantul Department of Health.
4. The Data Processing and Data Analysis ? the data is obtained by qualitative analysis using Likert Scale that is measured by answers of very agree, agree, disagree, and very disagree. The interpretation of percentage value is put into standard of objective criteria: Good = the correct answer > 75%, medium = 60 – 70%, less = < x =" average" s =" deviation" n =" number">
5. Conceptual Framework: Information (magazine, newspaper, radio, TV, book, Dept. of Health), About DHF (Meaning, Epidemiology, Extermination).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

1. Data of DHF Victim per village in 2002-2004.
It is known that the most serious area attacked by DHF is subdistrict of Kasihan, Kasihan II village with 11 cases in 2002 and a total of 80 cases of DHF attack during the period of 3 years. While the least serious area attacked by DHF is subdistrict of Dlingo 1 with no case during 2002 – 2003, and 2 cases in 2004, so the total case is 2 cases of DHF attack during the period of 3 years. In this research, the researcher takes the data from subdistricts with the highest number of DHF incidence (endemic) and the lowest number of DHF incidence (sporadic).

2. The Rate of People’s Knowledge on DHF in Ngestiharjo village is found to be 20 people having medium knowledge. While in Canden village is found to be 4 people having medium knowledge. From 60 respondents, there are 19 people agree if DHF disease is indicated by sudden fever and 11 people disagree about that. It is also found that 36 people agree if the giving of abate powder is done by putting into water container. It is also found that 30 people disagree if the DHF vector mosquito is likely to bite in the night.
a. DHF Knowledge Difference ? t value distribution. The respondents of Ngestiharjo have a higher degree of knowledge than those of Canden village. The higher degree of respondent’s knowledge in Ngestiharjo village is because of Knowledge. This result contradicts the research by Supriyati (2002) that people had not yet understood correctly about what DHF is.

3. The attitude of people on DHF in Ngestiharjo is that 13 people have good attitude, and 11 people have medium attitude. Meanwhile, In Canden village there is 4 people having good attitude and 2 medium. Among 60 respondents, 39 of them agree if DHF can cause a death, and 5 people disagree with it. It is found that 41 people very agree with drying water container minimum once to twice in a week, and it is found no respondent disagree with it. However, this result contradicts the research by Hasyimi (1994) who said that 89% of people’s attitudes refuse to clean the water container once or twice in a week.

4. The people’s behavior on DHF in Ngestiharjo village is found to be 2 people having less, medium and good behavior. While in Canden village, there are 16 people having less behavior, 3 people having good behavior. Among 60 respondents, 19 people agree to open the door and windows when the fogging official comes to their place, and 14 people disagree. It is also found that 24 people disagree to let cans and bottles put outside the house, and 6 people agree with it. The DHF Vector Control with fogging and abating is actually proved to be able in compressing the population of Aedes aegypti.

The Facts about Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)

The Facts about Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)

A. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever: A dangerous and contagious disease caused by virus that can emerge a disturbance on capillary blood vessel and blood coagulation system so that it causes a death.
Cause: It is caused by dengue virus, the family of Flaviviridae and genus of Flavivirus. Dengue virus has 4 serotypes, i.e. DEN-1.
Prevention: Extremely depend on control of its vector, i.e. Aedes Aegypti. The control of such mosquito can be distributed by using some methods: 1. Environmental (Control of mosquito’s nest and extermination of mosquito’s nest), 2. Biologic, 3. Chemical (Fogging, distribution of abate powder).

B. Prevention Effort: - DHF Prevention Program. Spraying of insecticide is held as soon as possible in order to limit the spread and transmission of DHF disease. – Extermination. The most important effort is to exterminate the infecting mosquito larva in its nest by doing “3M”, i.e. draining, covering, and burying.

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) disease is one of the problem of public health, and the rate of case tends to increase and it spreads more widely along with transportation advance by the development of inhabitant’s settlement (Dept. of Health, 1994).
In 1954 the first Extraordinary Case (EC) of DHF disease in Asia was found in Manila.
DHF is initially reported in Indonesia that is by the extraordinary case of DHF disease in Jakarta and Surabaya with 58 cases of DHF and 24 cases of death (CFR = 42.5%).
In 2001 the number of DHF death in Bantul regency was 4 DHF cases (CFR = 2.23%).
In 2003 it increased to be 8 people.

Since January-March 2004 the total case of DHF in whole provinces in Indonesia had attained 26.015. The number of death was 389 people. The highest case was found in the province of Jakarta, while the highest CFR was found in the province of Eastern Lesser Sundas (NTT).

The incidence of Abortion

The incidence of Abortion

Women with undesirable pregnancy always look for solution by abortion throughout the lifespan and it still goes on up to now. There are 2 kinds of abortions: intentional abortion and unintentional abortion. They particularly happen to female teenagers. They easily do such thing that according to my opinion, for a teenage is before time. They don’t think about the negative effects happen to them. The undesirable pregnancy is one of the effects of their behavior. And the way that they take is usually abortion. Abortion is done because of some reasons as follow:

• Afraid of being known by parents about their pregnancy.
• Ashamed towards the surrounding people.
• Inadequate to create a family.
• Still have to continue their study.
• To maintain their family’s good name.

However, the thing they have done can result in fatal effect too. They have to think twice again because abortion is currently against the law. In addition, from the health point of view, abortion results in fatal effect. Moreover, if the abortion is done when the pregnancy attains the age of over 2 months.

It is best for everybody not to do abortion by making decision ourselves. It has to be discussed with our partner and family. Don’t be so easily persuaded by invitation of other person. From the religious point of view, abortion is a sinful behavior, because it is similar to killing the life of fetus that has been given from Him.

Abortion is usually done by a doctor. However, in this time, by the strict law on abortion more and more, it also makes possible for the doctors to refuse helping a woman who wants to do an abortion, unless the pregnancy is harmful for the health of the woman. Beside that, the refusal is also based on the moral and religious reasons.

Therefore, there are several efforts that have to be carried out such as:

• Think about the effects first before doing sexual intercourse.
• Avoid free sex.
• Use the save contraception.
• Not to be easily influenced by the negative effect of the surroundings.

How to Overcome the Soaring Prices

How to Overcome the Soaring Prices

In this time, the price of rice is soaring and it seems not beneficial for farmers in Indonesia. It is not because the farmlands especially rice fields are submerge in water so that it’s failed to harvest, but it’s caused by some factors. On the other side, the government’s ability and power to influence market mechanism and middlemen are greater than farmers, because the government has function and role of dualism, i.e. searching for profit and stock.

The farmers have a very little strategy and effort to be able to do those things. This reality happens because of the impact of the men in authority’s behavior who always set farmers as the objects of their agenda. The rise of rice’s price this time is a part of political strategy to find support from the middle class and over and also from the urban community so that the rice import gets responds from the people.

The farmers are worried about rumor that imported rice will enter the country. It’s based on the experience several times ago, because the coming of rice from foreign country always causes disadvantages to the farmers, i.e. it makes the price of unhulled paddy plunged.


Reference: KR, January 23, 2006; Kompas, January 21, 2006.

Indonesia is a Maritime Country

Indonesia is a Maritime Country

Indonesia is a maritime country which yields many high quality fish. Many Indonesian people consume fish everyday to fulfill their need. The raising number of consumer increases the number of fishermen in Indonesia. The government spends a lot of funds to increase fishery. Then the government tries to cover the foreign debt through fishery. Through fishery, the government earns Rp. 8,97 quintillions.

However, it does not persist for a long time. In 10 years, 39 industries of fishery were closed because of the row materials crisis and bad operational management. Then Indonesia could only yield products of fishery from 10-1000 tons become 1-2 tons per day. By the use of formalin, the government’s income became more and more decreased. The decrease of government’s income caused 49.000 people lost their jobs. It made worse the image of Indonesia in international world.

Therefore, the government tried to overcome this problem by:
a. improving the operational management.
b. Industrial development.
c. Opening new field of work.
d. Investment in other sectors.
e. Stopping illegal fish catching.

The government’s effort can only give a little help for the economy of the country. Thus, the government increases export of other sectors.
The government has to try to wipe out the misuse of funds and to look for the right solution, to improve international view, to prohibit the use of food poison for human like formalin, and to improve the economy of country.
Therefore, we have to use the potency of our nation as optimum as possible.


(Kompas, June 14 2006)

How to Overcome the Rise of Refined Fuel Oil’s Price

How to Overcome the Rise of
Refined Fuel Oil’s Price

I. Background

The problem of the rise of refined fuel oil’s (BBM) price in Indonesia appears with the aim to make the price equal to the price in foreign countries and in order to keep the stability of domestic price so that supply to abroad (BBM smuggling) will not happen. It is considered as illegal/for their own/private benefit. The results are the increasing price of stuff, the rise of transportation tariff, and the social jealousy in public.

II. Problem and Solution

The impact of the rise of BBM’s price is so influential to the city public transportation (angkot) entrepreneur, because the rice of BBM’s price will be followed by the rise of price of vehicle spareparts. Off course this condition will add more operational cost of Angkot as public transportation.
The government solves the problem by making a policy of giving dispensation to the public transportations so that they are not treated same with private car. The government also appoints several gas stations (SPBU) to specially serve BBM for the public transportation with common price.

III. Conclusion

Increasing the price of BBM means breaking up the public transportation entrepreneur. While the government doesn’t give certain effort in concern with how to keep public transportations run well.

The people’s will to run a business in city public transportation should be realized as an effort to help the government in the field of transportation. For that purpose, at least the government’s plan to increase the BBM’s price can be considered again.


Reference: Suara Karya Daily Newspaper, Thursday, December 29, 2005

The Impact of Landslide Disaster

The Impact of Landslide Disaster

to the People of Banjarnegara, Indonesia

From the rescoring result of PT. Perhutani’s team, there are some elements of the cause of landslide in Gunung Raja Village, Sijeruk in Gunung Pawinihan area which is exposed to the landslide disaster on Wedneday January 4, 2006 in early dawn with width of 30.6 acre, such as the slope of the land, the kind of soil and the amount of rainfall. The vegetation of forest in 44 C partition in Gunung Pawinihan area is dense and good. The area of Gunung Pawinihan geologically is a category of moving land which is sensitive to slide. The area of forest is dense, grown with many kind of trees with fragrant wood, pine, flowers, and histamine. The landslide happened there because the latosol layer of lithosphere was peeled because of the high rainfall and the shift of stone slab. Besides that, The area of Gunung Pawinihan is located on mean slope of 60 degree.

This greatest landslide disaster in Central Java, besides killing many people also piled up at least 102 houses, a mosque, kindergarten building, guardhouse, a unit of car and motorcycle. Besides that, hundreds of livestock were killed. Hundreds thousand of people who were in eight kecamatans spread in 46 villages threaten with landslide currently were squeezed with panic because based on the study of the Central Java Department of Mining and Energy, 46 villages have a high sensitivity of moving land.

Identification of Economic Development

IDENTIFICATION OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BY
DETERMINING THE SUPERIOR LOCAL PRODUCTS

The local economy is a basis for national economic development, the adequate local economic structure will firmly support the rate of national economy. In accelerating the role of local economy, the government stimulates by implementing the 1999 Law No.22 on the Principal of Local Government and 1999 Law No. 25 on the Balance of Central and Local Finances.
Hall Hill in the 1996 Indonesian Human Development Report said that the regional development in Indonesia became crucial for some reasons, first Political reason, with the highly plural ethnics there were no more sensitive issue in Indonesia but regionalism. Second, the disparity of regional income from the distribution of natural resources income that was highly uneven distribution. It was undoubtedly that the disappointment of the regions that were rich of natural resources like Aceh and Irian Jaya was greater. Third, the regions played an important role on government policy regarding the spatial dynamics such as the distribution of inhabitant, for example. With regard to that spatial dynamics, the fourth reason emerged, that was how the relation between central and local government was managed? How much should the decentralization be given to region so that it would be still consistent in order to maintain the national unity and integrity?
The four reasons above, indeed were important for attention of the decision maker in regional level remembering it just affected on the integration of the nation, especially if we saw some numbers indicated the discrepancy among regions, such as in 1993 when Java dominated national GDP of 59% while Sumatra was only 23%. Meanwhile the sectors of modern and infrastructural industries were highly concentrated on 3 metropolitan industrial areas in java.
How far the local development grew could be seen on the number of economic development achievement of a region in the following table. We could see the increase of economic growth per capita in several provinces in Indonesia before the economic crisis.

The PDRB Per Capita based on the Constant basic Price 1990 – 1997 (pct)

To spur the economic growth per capita, it needed strategic steps through the development of economic sector properly, as we all knew that Indonesia was agrarian country so that the agrarian sector was a main pillar for the national economic development, however as with the existing transformational process, then such sector slowly was shifted on industrial sector as seen in the following table:

The Comparison of Agricultural and Industrial Sector Proportion on PRDB in 26 provinces in Indonesia in 1991 – 1993.

The above Table showed the way of transformational pattern in which Java area experienced a rapid industrialization, while other regions still depended on the primary sector. If we followed the development of this 2 sectors, then it was interesting if we traced the true analysis about what sector became strategic for each province so that we could make a decision in increasing regional economy of each province.
Remembering that in regional economic analysis, it needed to see the local potential in detail in order to get information for the introduction of local economy to be more deeply analyzed, then we needed a glance on how the economic condition of some provinces in Indonesia.
The local-based economy not only showed a new rhetoric but also a fundamental shifting on the doer as the activity regarding the economic development. As we knew the local development was a motor of local government itself assisted by local entrepreneur through interaction with existing local resources, it would create a new force as Driving Forces for local economy. The regional development emphasized the endogenous development policy by endeavoring local resources, local institution and physical resources. The objectives that would be reaching in local development are:
1. To develop the job quality for the existing inhabitant
2. To reach local economic stability
3. To develop the labor basis in the diversity of economic resources.

The Strategic Element of Local Development

Prerequisite for the Success of Formulation of Local Development Strategy
The most essential initial step in designing the proper development strategy was socio-economic analysis and development analysis of the existing capacity, so that a region could be easily identify the opportunity, challenge and the available resources. As with this thing, it also needed a clear question on the objective of local development involving sectors and sub-sectors that became the basic for the related region. Some kinds of things that needed a consideration in determining the local development strategy are:
1. To determine sector/sub-sector that had dominant role for local economy.
2. To identify the important relation between domestic and foreign local/regional economy.
3. To interpret the local potential for economic development, stability or its decline.
4. To identify the important possibility for local inhabitant and government official for the developer of local economy.

Conceptual Basis
By the identified sector, sub-sector and product that could be made as a generating motor of local development, it was expected that the local development strategy would be more focused on those superior sector, sub-sector and products that became a specialization of that region. On the other side, investment from outside region could also be increased to develop such identified superior products so that it was expected that it would also spur the local economic development through the creation of new job which also meant that the number of pervaded labor forces so that soon it increased and would create a spurred public capacity of buying and also related sectors (induced investment).

THE STRATEGIC ELEMENTS OF LOCAL DEVELOPMENT

Characteristics of Achievement
- The origin of the Company: Local Company, National Company, International Company.
- Development Sector: Manufacture, Services, Government.
- Scale: Small-scale, medium-scale, large-scale.
- The Form of the Company: New, Exporting, Branch
- Critical Limit: Environmental Pollution, Wage level.

The Method of Development:
Direct assistance to the company.
- Supplier, seller or guarantee exemption
- Labor forces mobilization
- Assistance provider: fund, debt, grant
Assistance of development process: licensing, marketing technique information

The local Organization Form:
- Local government: local government institution in city or regency.
- Local development Company: profitable and non-profitable.
- International Voluntary Organization.

Time Scale:
- Short-scale: 3 – 6 months
- Mid – long scale: 3 – 5 years

Preservative Formalin

The Preservative Formalin

Recently, television and newspapers often present news and even become headline news, that is, formalin as a preservative for food. While the meaning of formalin itself is a chemical used in health to preserve corpse (dead body, so that it looks fresh and not smells too bad if the corpse has wounds on his/her body.

Foods that use formalin are tofu, wet noodle, salted fish, etc. Those foods are very close to the middle class and under because the price is reachable by middle class and under. However, why the producers make the foods with the preservative formalin.

Most of the consumers theirselves do not know yet about the shape, smell, and the taste of foods that use formalin. Even the small-scale producers also do not know yet about the characteristic of foods using formalin.
People who consume that kind of foods also do not know the impact of consuming those foods continually toward their health.

The producers make food with formalin because it can be durable at approximately one week so that the producers get more profit.
Actually, the characteristic is easy to recognize but the consumers may be less careful or careless so they don’t know about it. The characteristics of tofu: rubbery, tofu looks better if it is fried; of wet noodle: rubbery and tend to be white; of salted fish; durable/long lasting until several days. While the characteristic of tofu that uses no formalin: easy to smash, easy to get burnt if it is fried; of wet noodle: not too rubbery; of salted fish: it can last about 2 – 3 days.

The impacts of using formalin are dizzy, queasy, even diarrhea and the person can suffer from cancer and other dangerous diseases.
As consumers, we have to be wary toward foods containing formalin and we have to know the characteristics and the impacts of formalin so that we can keep our body healthy.

The Philosophy of Science

The Philosophy of Science

The philosophy of science is concerned with the assumptions, foundations, and implications of science. The field is defined by an interest in one of a set of "traditional" problems or an interest in central or foundational concerns in science. In addition to these central problems for science as a whole, many philosophers of science consider these problems as they apply to particular sciences (e.g. philosophy of biology or philosophy of physics). Some philosophers of science also use contemporary results in science to draw philosophical morals. Although most practitioners are philosophers, several prominent scientists have contributed to the field and still do.

Philosophy of science focuses on metaphysical, epistemic and semantic aspects of science. issues such as Ethicalbioethic and scientific misconduct are usually considered ethics or science studies rather than philosophy of science.

ABOUT SCIENCE

SCIENCE


Science is any systematic knowledge-base or prescriptive practice that is capable of resulting in a prediction or predictable type of outcome. In this sense, science may refer to a highly skilled technique or practice.(wikipedia)

The word science comes from the Latin "scientia," meaning knowledge.

How do we define science? According to Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, the definition of science is "knowledge attained through study or practice," or "knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through scientific method [and] concerned with the physical world."

What does that really mean? Science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge. This system uses observation and experimentation to describe and explain natural phenomena. The term science also refers to the organized body of knowledge people have gained using that system. Less formally, the word science often describes any systematic field of study or the knowledge gained from it.

What is the purpose of science? Perhaps the most general description is that the purpose of science is to produce useful models of reality.

Science as defined above is sometimes called pure science to differentiate it from applied science, which is the application of research to human needs. Fields of science are commonly classified along two major lines:
- Natural sciences, the study of the natural world, and
- Social sciences, the systematic study of human behavior and society.